Ex-so-tic van der Waals heterostructures take advantage of electrically tunable layer polarization to swap proximity exchange and spin-orbit coupling in the electronically active region. Perhaps the simplest example is Bernal bilayer graphene (BBG) encapsulated by a layered magnet from one side and a strong spin-orbit material from the other. Taking WS2/BBG/Cr2⁢Ge2⁢Te6 as a representative ex-so-tronic device, we employ realistic ab initio inspired Hamiltonians and effective electron-electron interactions to investigate the emergence of correlated phases within the random phase approximation. We find that exchange and spin-orbit coupling induced Stoner and intervalley coherence instabilities can be swapped for a given doping level, allowing one to explore the full spectrum of correlated phases within a single device.

Certifying whether an arbitrary quantum system is entangled or not, is, in general, an NP-hard problem. Though various necessary and sufficient conditions have already been explored in this regard for lower-dimensional systems, it is hard to extend them to higher dimensions. Recently, an ensemble bagging and convex hull approximation (CHA) approach (together, BCHA) was proposed and it strongly suggests employing a machine learning technique for the separability-entanglement classification problem. However, BCHA does only incorporate the balanced dataset for classification tasks which results in lower average accuracy. In order to solve the data imbalance problem in the present literature, an exploration of the boosting technique has been carried out, and a trade-off between the boosting and bagging-based ensemble classifier is explored for quantum separability problems. For the two-qubit and two-qutrit quantum systems, the pros and cons of the proposed random under-sampling boost CHA (RUSBCHA) for the quantum separability problem are compared with the state-of-the-art CHA and BCHA approaches. As the data are highly unbalanced, performance measures such as overall accuracy, average accuracy, F-measure, and G-mean are evaluated for a fair comparison. The outcomes suggest that RUSBCHA is an alternative to the BCHA approach. Also, for several cases, performance improvements are observed for RUSBCHA since the data are imbalanced.

In this report, we present a framework for implementing an arbitrary n-outcome generalized quantum measurement (POVM) on an m-qubit register as a sequence of two-outcome measurements requiring only single ancillary qubit. Our procedure offers a particular construction for the two-outcome partial measurements which can be composed into a full implementation of the measurement on any gate architecture. This implementation in general requires classical feedback; we present specific cases when this is not the case. We apply this framework on the unambiguous state discrimination and analyze possible strategies. In the simplest case, it gives the same construction as is known, if we opt for performing conclusiveness measurement first. However, it also offers possibility of performing measurement for one of the state outcomes first, leaving conclusiveness measurement for later. This shows flexibility of presented framework and opens possibilities for further optimization. We present discussion also on biased qubit case as well as general case of unambiguous quantum state discrimination in higher dimension.

Encoding and decoding are the two key steps in information processing. In this work, we study the encoding and decoding capabilities of operational theories in the context of information-storability game, where the task is to freely choose a set of states from which one state is chosen at random and by measuring the state it must be identified; a correct guess results in as many utiles as the number of states in the chosen set and an incorrect guess means a penalty of a fixed number of utiles. We connect the optimal winning strategy of the game to the amount of information that can be stored in a given theory, called the information storability of the theory, and show that one must use so-called nondegradable sets of states and nondegradable measurements whose encoding and decoding properties cannot be reduced. We demonstrate that there are theories where the perfect discrimination strategy is not the optimal one so that the introduced game can be used as an operational test for super information storability. We further develop the concept of information storability by giving new useful conditions for calculating it in specific theories.

We prepared a bi-metal Sn/Al thin film bridge of 1 × 5 μm 2 in size and exposed it to microwave irradiation in a frequency range of 7 to 40 GHz to explore the Shapiro steps in the current-voltage characteristics, which served as a reliable indicator for assessing current-phase relation (CPR). The measurements were made in the temperature range (0.89 . . . 0.99)T c with T c = 3.66 K. No fractional steps are observed at 10 GHz, while all integer steps are present, and their widths oscillate with microwave field amplitude, which suggests a non-skewed quasi-sine CPR. Therefore, the normal-metal covering alters the resistive state of the long thin-film strip containing phase-slip centers so that the bi-metallic long bridge exhibits characteristics similar to a Josephson weak link. Considering a simple fabrication procedure, it may be utilized in making Josephson-effect-based devices such as DC and RF SQUIDs, especially in low-budget projects. Additional small-scale oscillations of the step widths found between the main peaks and the missing first step at a higher frequency of 20 GHz near T c may be associated with Landau–Zener transitions between Andreev states and require further detailed study.

We develop a method for semi-device-independent certification of the number of measurements. We achieve this by testing whether Bob's steering equivalent observables can be simulated by 𝑘 measurements, which we do by testing whether they are 𝑘-compatible with separable joint observable. This test can be performed with the aid of hierarchy of semidefinite programs, and whenever it fails one can conclude that Alice must have access to at least (𝑘+1)-incompatible measurements.

Studies of the formation of Landau levels based on the Schrödinger equation for electrons constrained to curved surfaces have a long history. These include as prime examples surfaces with constant negative curvature, like the pseudosphere [A. Comtet, Ann. Phys. 173, 85 (1987)]. Now, topological insulators, hosting Dirac-type surface states, provide a unique platform to experimentally examine such quantum Hall physics in curved space. Hence, extending previous work we consider solutions of the Dirac equation for the pseudosphere for both the case of an overall perpendicular magnetic field and a homogeneous coaxial, thereby locally varying, magnetic field. For both magnetic-field configurations, we provide analytical solutions for spectra and eigenstates. For the experimentally relevant case of a coaxial magnetic field we find that the Landau levels split and one class shows a peculiar scaling ∝𝐵1/4, thereby characteristically differing from the usual linear 𝐵 and 𝐵1/2 dependence of the planar Schrödinger and Dirac case, respectively. We compare our analytical findings to numerical results that we also extend to the case of the Minding surface.

In Josephson diodes the asymmetry between positive and negative current branch of the current-phase relation leads to a polarity-dependent critical current and Josephson inductance. The supercurrent nonreciprocity can be described as a consequence of the anomalous Josephson effect —a φ 0 -shift of the current-phase relation— in multichannel ballistic junctions with strong spin-orbit interaction. In this work, we simultaneously investigate φ 0 -shift and supercurrent diode efficiency on the same Josephson junction by means of a superconducting quantum interferometer. By electrostatic gating, we reveal a direct link between φ 0 -shift and diode effect. Our findings show that spin-orbit interaction in combination with a Zeeman field plays an important role in determining the magnetochiral anisotropy and the supercurrent diode effect.

These lectures are an introduction to quantum algorithms. The object is to provide a basis on which someone interested in the subject can build. The lectures aim to cover these topics:
1. Warm up – generating an eigenstate of an unknown Controlled-U gate
2. Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm (Basic algorithm, Effect of decoherence)
3. Berstein-Vazirani algorithm
4. Quantum search: Grover’s algorithm
5. Combining algorithms – testing linearity of Boolean functions
6. Quantum walks
7. Programmable processors

Mark Hillery, a distinguished physicist with a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, boasts a remarkable career spanning theoretical quantum optics and quantum information theory. Despite his extensive contributions, which include over 200 publications garnering more than 15,000 citations, Hillery remains notably modest, seemingly transported from his inner world of contemplation. His collaboration with the Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS) has been particularly fruitful, marked by pioneering work on multi-user quantum cryptographic protocols and quantum bit cloning. This collaboration, spanning decades, has significantly influenced the development of physical science in Slovakia. Hillery, now a professor at Hunter College, City University of New York, was recently honored with the International Prize of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, further solidifying his legacy. In his spare time, Hillery indulges in his love for literature, jazz, and Slovak folk art, embodying a humility that belies his considerable achievements.

We identify and study a particular class of distinguishability problems for quantum observables (positive-operator-valued measures), in which observables with permuted effects are involved, which we call the labeling problem. Consequently, we identify binary observables, which can be labeled perfectly. In this work, we study these problems in the single-shot regime.

The impact of proximity-induced spin-orbit and exchange coupling on the correlated phase diagram of rhombohedral trilayer graphene (RTG) is investigated theoretically. By employing ab initio-fitted effective models of RTG encapsulated by transition metal dichalcogenides (spin-orbit proximity effect) and ferromagnetic Cr2Ge2Te6 (exchange proximity effect), we incorporate the Coulomb interactions within the random-phase approximation to explore potential correlated phases at different displacement fields and doping. We find a rich spectrum of spin-valley resolved Stoner and intervalley coherence instabilities induced by the spin-orbit proximity effects, such as the emergence of a spin-valley-coherent phase due to the presence of valley-Zeeman coupling. Similarly, proximity exchange removes the phase degeneracies by biasing the spin direction, enabling a magnetocorrelation effect—strong sensitivity of the correlated phases to the relative magnetization orientations (parallel or antiparallel) of the encapsulating ferromagnetic layers.

It is steam engines that marked the dawn of industrialization, yielding both benefits and headache causing challenges. Beyond their practical applications, steam engines profoundly shaped our understanding of the physical world. Among the key figures in this transformation was Rudolph Clausius, whose groundbreaking work during the mid-19th century significantly influenced our comprehension of energy and entropy. Despite his pivotal and broad contributions, Clausius remains somewhat underappreciated in today’s scientific community. His theories, however, serve as the bedrock connecting the microscopic and macroscopic realms, enabling us to control physical and chemical processes across various fields. Clausius was not only a physicist but also an early transdisciplinary scientist, bridging disciplines from physics to chemistry, information science, and economics. In this discussion, we’ll explore Clausius’s central insights, including his concept of the “motive force of heat” (now known as thermodynamics). We’ll delve into his role within the 19th-century scientific community and draw connections to our contemporary world.

In this talk we will present both short-term and long-term vision for our national Slovak QCI infrastructure and put it in the context of the whole EuroQCI endeavour. We will present the latest results building up our quantum testbed with the support of the underlying SANET infrastructure.

A tutorial lectures series on experiments introducing the audience into experimentally controlling quantum objects where single and many atoms will play a central role as simple model systems. This field started about 50 years ago when the non-intuitive world of quantum systems, especially the superposition principle, prompted experimenters to use lasers and light matter interaction to realize ever more illustrations of quantum phenomena. Over time those observations have turned into ever better control which today allows quantum engineers to apply simple quantum systems for tasks in quantum technology ranging from quantum sensing to simulation, communication and computing. The lectures will roughly follow this schedule but may be be adapted to the course of discussions:

Prof. Dieter Meschede gained his Ph.D. in 1984 in physics from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Since 1994, he is Full Professor of Physics at the University of Bonn, Germany and between 2018-2020 he was appointed as President of the German Physical Society (DPG). His research interests include the field of atomic, molecular and quantum physics. The so-called “conveyor belt of light” – it moves and sorts individual atoms with the aid of laser beams and radio frequency precision – is one of the outstanding research results of his research group. With the help of this “conveyor belt”, atoms could be used as an arithmetic unit for a quantum computer. This work has received great recognition with an Advanced ERC Grant (DQSIM).

Based on analysis of current-voltage characteristics and imaging of the resistive state of thin-film tin strips using low-temperature laser scanning microscopy (LTLSM), the process of destruction of superconductivity by current and microwave irradiation with the formation and spatial rearrangement of the order parameter phase slip lines, and their transformation into discrete localized normal domains are shown. The prospects of LTLSM are considered from the point of view of the study of the high-frequency properties of superconducting structures and spatial characteristics in the pre-critical state for instrumental applications.

Communication scenarios between two parties can be implemented by first encoding messages into some states of a physical system which acts as the physical medium of the communication and then decoding the messages by measuring the state of the system. We show that already in the simplest possible scenarios it is possible to detect a definite, unbounded advantage of quantum systems over classical systems. We do this by constructing a family of operationally meaningful communication tasks, each of which, on the one hand, can be implemented by using just a single qubit but which, on the other hand, require an unboundedly larger classical system for classical implementation. Furthermore, we show that even though, with the additional resource of shared randomness, the proposed communication tasks can be implemented by both quantum and classical systems of the same size, the number of coordinated actions needed for the classical implementation also grows unboundedly. In particular, no finite storage can be used to store all the coordinated actions required to implement all possible quantum communication tasks with classical systems. As a consequence, shared randomness cannot be viewed as a free resource.

Series of 5x90 min lectures during 16-18th April covering topics
• Single photon interference and sources
• Photon detectors and Photon counting technology
• Photon statistics: sub-poissonian light and squeezed states
• Multiphoton interference and limits to visibility
• Applications to Quantum key distribution and Metrology
• Linear optics quantum computation and simulation
Lectures are MSc/PhD friendly, but open for all interested (Elementary Quantum Theory course is assumed) and free of charge. Please register HΞRΞ (no registration deadline) to receive all information.

Professor of Optical Communication Systems at the University of Bristol. He was one of the early pioneers for experimental quantum information science and performed original quantum cryptography and quantum network communication experiments using single photons and entanglement. He was awarded an ERC Advanced Grant and for his contributions to quantum optics he was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 2015.

As before, a small workshop targeting current topics from superconductivity, correlated systems, altermagnetism, transport, etc. We asked speakers for more pedagogical talks, accessible to students in master and PhD programs, of course this can not be quarantined :) ... Workshop is free of charge and is open for all people interested to learn new things, meet new people, interact friendly and so on. There is no formal registration, but in order to plan coffee breaks please send "I will come" to email denis.kochan@savba.sk). The collection of speakers is closed and no poster session is organized.

We study an analogous Bloch sphere representation of higher-level quantum systems using the Heisenberg-Weyl operator basis. We introduce a parametrization method that will allow us to identify a real-valued Bloch vector for an arbitrary density operator. Before going into arbitrary d-level (d>=3) quantum systems (qudits), we start our analysis with three-level ones (qutrits). It is well known that we need at least eight real parameters in the Bloch vector to describe arbitrary three-level quantum systems (qutrits). However, using our method we can divide these parameters into four weight, and four angular parameters, and find that the weight parameters are inducing a unit sphere in fourdimension. And, the four angular parameters determine whether a Bloch vector is physical. Therefore, unlike its qubit counterpart, the qutrit Bloch sphere does not exhibit a solid structure. Importantly, this construction allows us to define different properties of qutrits in terms of Bloch vector components. We also examine the two and three-dimensional sections of the sphere, which reveal a non-convex yet closed structure for physical qutrit states. Further, we apply our representation to derive mutually unbiased bases (MUBs), characterize unital maps for qutrits, and assess ensembles using the Hilbert-Schmidt and Bures metrics. Moreover, we extend this construction to qudits, showcasing its potential applicability beyond the qutrit scenario.

Pawłowski and Winter’s hyperbit theory, proposed in 2012, presented itself as an alternative to quantum theory, suggesting novel ways of redefining entanglement and classical communication paradigms. This research undertakes a meticulous reevaluation of hyperbit theory, uncovering significant operational constraints that question its equivalence with quantum mechanics. Crucially, the supposition that hyperbit theory and quantum theory are equivalent relies on the receiver having unattainable additional knowledge about the sender’s laboratory, indicating that the work by Pawłowski and Winter is incorrect. This study accentuates the constraints of hyperbits in information processing and sheds light on the superiority of quantum communication, thereby advancing the investigation at the intersection of classical and quantum communication.

In the absence of a complete theory of quantum gravity, phenomenological models built upon minimal assumptions have been explored for the analysis of possible quantum effects in gravitational systems. Implications of a superposition of geometries have been considered in such models, including the occurrence of processes with indefinite order. In a gravitational quantum switch, in particular, the order of operations applied by two agents on a target system is entangled with the state of the geometry. We consider a model describing the superposition of geometries produced by distinct arrangements of spherical mass shells, and show that a protocol for the implementation of a gravitational quantum switch can be formulated in such a system. The geometries in superposition are identical in an exterior region outside a given radius, and differ within such a radius. The exterior region provides a classical frame from which the superposition of geometries in the interior region can be probed. One of the agents crosses the interior region and becomes entangled with the geometry, which is explored as a resource for the implementation of the quantum switch. Novel features of the protocol include the superposition of nonisometric geometries, the existence of a region with a definite geometry, and the fact that the agent that experiences the superposition of geometries is in free fall, preventing information on the global geometry to be obtained from within its laboratory.

Quantum instruments describe outcome probability as well as state change induced by measurement of a quantum system. Incompatibility of two instruments, i. e. the impossibility to realize them simultaneously on a given quantum system, generalizes incompatibility of channels and incompatibility of positive operator-valued measures (POVMs). We derive implications of instrument compatibility for the induced POVMs and channels. We also study relation of instrument compatibility to the concept of non-disturbance. Finally, we prove equivalence between instrument compatibility and postprocessing of certain instruments, which we term complementary instruments. We illustrate our findings on examples of various classes of instruments.

Within the many different models, that appeared with the use of cold atoms to create BECs, the bubble trap shaped potential has been of great interest. However, the relationship between the physical parameters and the resulting manifold geometry remains yet to be fully understood for the anisotropic bubble trap physics in the thin-shell limit. In this paper, we work towards this goal by showing how the parameters of the system must be manipulated in order to allow for a non-collapsing thin-shell limit. In such a limit, a dimensional compactification takes place, thus leading to an effective 2D Hamiltonian which relates to up-to-date bubble trap experiments. At last, the resulting Hamiltonian is perturbatively solved for both the ground-state wave function and the excitation frequencies in the leading order of deviations from a spherical bubble trap.

The requirements and details of designing a measuring cell and low-back-action deeply-cooled amplifier for quantum measurements at 10 mK are discussed. This equipment is a part of a microwave single-photon counter based on a superconducting flux qubit. The high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) in the amplifier operate in unsaturated microcurrent regime and dissipate only 1 μW of dc power per transistor. Simulated amplifier gain is 15 dB at 450 MHz with a high-impedance (≈ 5 kΩ) signal source and standard 50-Ω output.